Maternal Sleeping Problems Before and After Childbirth - A Systematic Review.

The perinatal and postpartum period is of great significance for women due to physiological changes, shifts in circadian rhythms, social setting, and psychological well-being, all of which affect the quality and quantity of their sleep. A mixed-studies systematic review was undertaken to enhance our understanding of sleep disturbances and mood disorders in women in late pregnancy and the postpartum period, their connection with breastfeeding, and the assessment of interventions for sleep disturbance. Three electronic databases (PUBMED, EMBASE and Google Scholar) were searched for qualitative, observational, and mixed-method studies from the year 2016 to June 2023. Twenty-nine articles were included in the analysis. The results were synthesized into four overarching themes: (і) the sleep quality of women in the perinatal period; (ii) the relationship between sleep and breastfeeding; (iii) the relationship between sleep quality and emotional disturbance in the perinatal period; (iv) sleep interventions in the researched group. The subjective nature of the perception of sleep disturbances, along with the absence of an objective measurement tool is clearly an inconvenience. It is advisable to include the assessment of maternal sleep hygiene and family sleep patterns during postpartum healthcare provider appointments to develop strategies not only for women's sleep quality but also for their mental well-being.

Treatment with bestatin (the exogenous synthetic inhibitor of metalloproteinases) reduces the activity of metalloproteinase 2 and 12 in the spleen and lung tissues of rats in a model of lipopolysaccharide-induced sepsis.

Sepsis is caused by an inadequate or dysregulated host response to infection. Enzymes causing cellular degradation are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used in models of sepsis in laboratory settings The aim of the study was to measure MMP 2 and 12 concentrations in spleen and lungs in rats in which septic shock was induced by LPS. The experiment was carried out on 40 male Wistar rats (5 groups of 8): 0. controls 1. administered LPS 2. administered bestatin 3. LPS and bestatin 4.bestatin and after 6 hours LPS Animals were decapitated. Lungs and spleens were collected. Concentrations of MMP-2 and MMP-12 were determined using immunoenzymatic methods. Mean (±SD) MMP-2 in the controls was 43.57 ± 20.53 ng/ml in the lungs and 1.7 ± 0.72 ng/ml in the spleen; Group 1: 31.28 ± 13.13 ng/ml, 0.83 ± 0.8 ng/ml; Group 2: 44.24 ± 22.75 ng /ml, 1.01 ± 0.32 ng/ml; Group 3: 35.94 ± 15.13 ng/ml, 0.41 ± 0.03 ng/ml; Group 4:79.42 ± 44.70 ng/ml, 0.45 ± 0.15, respectively. Mean MMP-12 in controls was 19.79 ± 10.01 ng/ml in lungs and 41.13 ± 15.99 ng/ml in the spleen; Group 1:27.97 ± 15.1 ng/ml; 40.44 ± 11.2 ng/ml; Group 2: 37.93 ± 25.38 ng/ml 41.05 ± 18.08 ng/ml; Group 3: 40.59 ± 11.46 ng/ml, 35.16 ± 12.89 ng/ml; Group 4: 39.4 ± 17.83 ng/ml, 42.04 ± 12.35 ng/ml, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: 1. Bestatin reduces MMP 2 and 12 levels in spleen and lungs. 2. Treatment with bestatin minimizes the effect of LPS.

Musculoskeletal diseases as the basis for issuing disability certificates for children.

Introduction: There are nearly 240 million children living with disabilities worldwide - 1 in 10 of all children. The Polish disability certification system is characterized by a significant level of complexity. At the same time the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS), Agricultural Social Insurance Fund (KRUS) and poviat/city disability adjudication teams, voivodeship disability adjudication teams/councils, the Ministry of Family and Social Policy supervising poviat and voivodeship teams/councils issue different certificates. The system is complemented by the appeals to the court which resolve complaints against the decisions of voivodship teams. Children are considered individuals under 16 years of age. They can get a disability certificate if necessary. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of children obtaining a disability certificate due to diseases of the locomotor system in Lublin within the last 16 years. Material and methods: The authors asked the Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin to provide data on the number of disability certificates issued for children up to 16 years of age in the years 2006-2021.The data used for the analysis come from the electronic system that collects and processes them according to the assumed patterns. Results: In the years 2006-2021 the Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin issued 9,929 disability certificates for children up to 16 years of age. The total number of certificates issued because of musculoskeletal disorders was 1,085 (mean 68/year). Majority of the recipients were 8-16 years old. There were 524 girls (mean 32.75/year) and 561 boys (mean 35.06/year). Conclusions: In children musculoskeletal problems are in the third position after diseases of the respiratory tract and developmental disorders as the reason for obtaining a disability certificate in Lublin. Comparing this data with others, it can be concluded that the situation is similar to data from developed countries.

Comparison of the effects of ketoprofen and ketoprofen lysine salt on the Wistar rats' nervous system, kidneys and liver after ethyl alcohol intoxication.

Side effects of Ketoprofen and ketoprofen lysine salt (KLS) may be inter alia from the central nervous system, kidneys and liver. After binge drinking people often use ketoprofen, which increases the risk for the occurrence of side effects. The aim of the study was to compere effects of ketoprofen and KLS on the nervous system, kidneys and liver after ethyl alcohol intoxication. There were 6 groups of 6 male rats which received: ethanol; 0.9%NaCl; 0.9%NaCl and ketoprofen; ethanol and ketoprofen; 0.9%NaCl and KLS; ethanol and KLS. On day 2, the motor coordination test on a rotary rod and memory and motor activity test in the Y-maze were performed. Hot plate test was performed on day 6. After euthanasia brains, livers and kidneys were taken to histopathological tests. Motor coordination was significant worse in group 5 vs 1,3, p 0.05. Spontaneous motor activity of group 6 was significant better than that of groups 1,5. Pain tolerance of group 6 was significant worse than that of groups 1,4,5. Liver and kidney mass were significantly lower in group 6 vs group 3,5 and vs group 1,3, respectively. The histopathologic examination of the brains and kidneys revealed normal picture in all groups, without signs of inflammation. In the histopathologic examination of the livers in one animal in group 3 some of the specimens showed perivascular inflammation. After alcohol ketoprofen is a better painkiller than KLS. Spontaneous motor activity is better after KLS after alcohol. Both drugs have a similar effect on the kidneys and liver.

Interleukin 1α and interleukin 18 in patients with vitiligo - Results of a case-control study.

INTRODUCTION: Vitiligo is a depigmenting disorder resulting from loss of functional melanocytes in the skin. Variety of inflammatory mediators participate in the regulation of melanogenesis in melanocytes: interleukin-18 (IL-18), interleukin-33, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, interferon-γ, prostaglandin E2 have the effect of promoting melanogenesis, while interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-4, interleukin-6, interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor can inhibit melanogenesis. AIM: Evaluation of IL-1α and IL-18 levels in peripheral blood in patients with vitiligo compared to healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients aged 18-81 with vitiligo participated in the study. The control group consisted of 38 healthy people. Venous blood samples were obtained from each participant. Serum IL-1α and IL-18 concentrations were determined using the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Among patients with vitiligo, the mean concentration of IL-1α was 0.13 (± 0.535) pg/mL, while in the control group it was 0.51 (± 1.51). There were no statistically significant differences in IL-1α concentrations between patients in the study group compared to the control group (p > 0.05). In the study group, the mean IL-18 concentration was 141.05 (± 136.33) pg/mL vs 137.33 (± 105.83) pg/mL in the controls. There were no statistically significant differences in IL-18 concentrations between patients in the study group compared to the controls (p > 0.05). In the Spearman correlation test, no correlation was confirmed between IL1α and IL-18 concentrations in the group of patients with vitiligo vs healthy people. CONCLUSIONS: There is no correlation between Il-1 and Il-18 concentration in the blood sera of patients with vitiligo.

A case-control study on immunologic markers of patients with vitiligo.

Vitiligo is a depigmentation skin disease often coexisting with other autoimmune disorders. The prevalence is 0.5-2 % of the world's population. A combination of genetic, environmental and biochemical factors play a role in pathogenesis of the disease. The aim of the study was to measure selected cytokines in the blood sera of patients with vitiligo and to select the best marker of the disease. The study was conducted on 50 patients with vitiligo and 38 controls. The type of vitiligo, body surface area (BSA), disease advancement assessment according to Vitiligo European Task Force, the degree of skin involvement and degree of progression were measured. Patients' skin phototype was determined according to Fitzpatrick's classification. Medical history was recorded. Venous blood samples were obtained, The sera were used for laboratory test. Determinations of IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 were performed using the enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. In the study group 4 cases had phototype I, 38 II, 8 III. In the control group: 3, 29, 6, respectively. Universal vitiligo was found in 38 patients, segmental in 2, acro-facial in 10. In all cases VETF was + 1. Hypothyroidism was recorded in the medical histories of 11 cases vs 2 controls. Significantly higher concentrations of IL-22 and IL-23 were in cases vs controls. IL-22 concentrations were significantly higher in the study group with BSA ≤ 10 than in the control group, and in the group with BSA ≥ 10 they were the highest (p < 0.05). IL-22 is the best marker of active universal type vitiligo, it is directly proportional to the extent of lesions.

Telemedicine in Emergency Medicine in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Experiences and Prospects-A Narrative Review.

Even before the year 2020, telemedicine has been proven to contribute to the efficacy of healthcare systems, for example in remote locations or in primary care. However, with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth solutions have emerged as a key component in patient healthcare delivery and they have been widely used in emergency medicine ever since. The pandemic has led to a growth in the number of telehealth applications and improved quality of already available telemedicine solutions. The implementation of telemedicine, especially in emergency departments (EDs), has helped to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and protect healthcare workers. This narrative review focuses on the most important innovative solutions in emergency care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic. It outlines main categories of active telehealth use in daily practice of dealing with COVID-19 patients currently, and in the future. Furthermore, it discusses benefits as well as limitations of telemedicine.

Effect of subacute poisoning with lambdacyhalothrin on vascular endothelial growth factor 2 receptor in mice kidneys.

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids are used for insect control. They act on voltage-gated sodium channels in neurons. Lambdacyhalothrin (LCH) is a type II pyrethroid producing choreoatetosis and salivation in rodents. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the kidney is high in the glomerular podocytes and kidney tubules. VEGF receptor 2 (VEFGR2) is the main mediator in angiogenesis and it regulates blood vessel permeability. Lack of VEGF in podocytes impairs filtration. The nuclear factor κB (NFκB) is widely known as an important mediator of inflammation. The aim of the study was to check if subacute oral intoxication with 0.1LD50 of LCH affects kidney size, function and VEGFR2 and NFκB in mice kidneys. METHODS: A total of 32 Albino Swiss mice was used: females controls, males controls, females receiving 2 mg/kg LCH, males receiving 2 mg/kg LCH orally for 7 days. On day 8 animals were sacrificed, blood and kidneys were obtained. Kidney mass was determined, creatinine concentration was measured in blood sera, VEGFR2 and NFκB in kidney homogenate supernatant with ELISA kit. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant differences in kidney mass, creatinine concentration in blood sera nor NFκB but mean VEGFR2 concentration in the kidneys of females exposed to LCH was 128.01 ng/ml and showed statistically significant difference in comparison with control females. There was no statistically significant difference between VEGFR2 concentration in the kidneys of males exposed to LCH and control males. CONCLUSION: The VEGFR2 increases in the course of LCH intoxication in females probably due to the protective effect of oestrogens.

Alteration in the Expression of Genes Involved in Cerebral Glucose Metabolism as a Process of Adaptation to Stressful Conditions.

Exposure to chronic stress leads to disturbances in glucose metabolism in the brain, and changes in the functioning of neurons coexisting with the development of depression. The detailed molecular mechanism and cerebral gluconeogenesis during depression are not conclusively established. The aim of the research was to assess the expression of selected genes involved in cerebral glucose metabolism of mice in the validated animal paradigm of chronic stress. To confirm the induction of depression-like disorders, we performed three behavioral tests: sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST), and tail suspension test (TST). In order to study the cerebral glucose metabolism of the brain, mRNA levels of the following genes were determined in the prefrontal cortex of mice: Slc2a3, Gapdh, Ldha, Ldhb, and Pkfb3. It has been shown that exogenous, chronic administration of corticosterone developed a model of depression in behavioral tests. There were statistically significant changes in the mRNA level of the Slc2a3, Ldha, Gapdh, and Ldhb genes. The obtained results suggest changes in cerebral glucose metabolism as a process of adaptation to stressful conditions, and may provide the basis for introducing new therapeutic strategies for chronic stress-related depression.

The comparison of dexketoprofen and other painkilling medications (review from 2018 to 2021).

Dexketoprofen is an enantiomer of ketoprofen (S+) that belongs to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. Dexketoprofen has a stronger effect than ketoprofen, which makes it a readily used preparation. The review aims to find in recent original publications data about dexketoprofen and its comparison with other painkilling medications. The systematic literature review was conducted in November 2021 (2018 onwards). We selected 12 articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline Complete databases. In the last 4 years, there have been many publications that shed a new light on dexketoprofen. The article is a comparative analysis of dexketoprofen's action vs other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the combination of dexketoprofen with tramadol vs paracetamol with tramadol. The findings of the review confirm that dexketoprofen is a very good pain reliever more potent than paracetamol. Dexketoprofen produces similar effects to lidocaine and dexmedetomidine. Complex preparations containing dexketoprofen and tramadol are very effective painkilling tandem and are more effective than tramadol and paracetamol therapy in the treatment of acute pain.

The role of alcohol consumption in pathogenesis of gout.

Alcohol is recognized a risk factor for increased uric acid and gout flare. The aim of the study was to review the literature in order to find out what is the role of alcohol consumption in pathogenesis of gout. A search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline Complete database was performed in January 2021. The databases were searched with the phrases: "uric acid and alcohol," "alcoholic beverages and gout," "hyperuricemia and alcoholic beverages consumption" published between 2000 and 2021. A total of 2642 results were found. The 99 non-duplicate citations were screened. Then 81 articles were excluded after abstract screen. After that 18 articles were retrieved. Eventually 15 articles were included for systematic review. Several authors see the positive correlation between beer or distilled spirits consumption and gout. Some include wine to the list of triggers of gout. Others state that moderate wine consumption protects from gout attacks due to antioxidants and phytoestrogen content. Majority noticed the relationship between episodic alcohol consumption and gout attacks. Episodic alcohol intake triggers gout attacks, regardless of type of alcohol. Thus, individuals with established gout and pre-existing risk factors should limit all types of alcohol intake to prevent gout episodes.

Musculoskeletal diseases as the basis for disability certificates in Lublin (Poland) in 2006-2021.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal diseases are not a leading cause of death but one of the common causes of disability and therefore play an important role in the global burden of diseases producing financial costs, need for hospitalization, treatment, rehabilitation, and hiring numerous medical personnel and caregivers. Patients who obtain a moderate or severe disability certificate may more easily find a job, have shorter working hours, apply for reduced tax, parking cards, co-financing of rehabilitation or renovation of the bathroom in order to adapt it to their disability. The aim of the study was to investigate the characteristics of people obtaining a disability certificate due to diseases of the locomotor system in Lublin within the last 16 years. Material and methods: The authors asked the Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin to provide data on the number of disability certificates issued in the years 2006-2021. Results: In the years 2006-2021 the Municipal Disability Adjudication Council in Lublin issued 76,581 disability certificates. The most common was the moderate degree of disability (36,458 certificates). The most common reason for being diagnosed with disability was diseases of the locomotor system. In the years 2006-2013, 41% of people obtaining disability certificates because of bone and joint diseases were in the 41-50 age group. From 2014, people over 60 years predominated. Of these, 57% were women. The majority of them had a secondary education. As many as 74% were unemployed, while only 36% were employed. Conclusions: Musculoskeletal diseases are a leading reason for issuing disability certificates in Lublin within the last 16 years. The certificates most often let patients obtain parking cards, facilitate the search for employment and enable them to apply for tax reductions.

The effect of ketoprofen lysine salt on mucosa of rat stomach after ethyl alcohol intoxication.

INTRODUCTION: Ketoprofen is a commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Side effects of ketoprofen occur mainly from the gastrointestinal tract due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenaze-1. Binge drinking at least once a week is reported by 80 million Europeans. On the day after many of them use NSAIDs. This increases the risk for damage of gastric mucosa. AIM: The aim of the study was to check if use of ketoprofen lysine salt (KLS) has any gastroprotective effect on mucosa of rat stomach after ethyl alcohol intoxication. MATERIALS AND METHODS: There were 6 groups of 6 male rats which received: RESULTS: In groups 1, 2 and 3 the histopathologic examination of the stomachs revealed normal picture, without signs of inflammation. In the group 4, 5 and 6 within the mucosa and submucosa there were visible numerous infiltrates of inflammatory cells, consisting mainly of lymphocytes, plasmocytes and eosinophilia. Total leukocyte count was elevated in group 3, 4, 6. There was a significant decrease of blood urea concentration in group 6 vs 2 and significant decrease of serum albumin in group 6 vs 1 and 2, and total protein vs group 1. CONCLUSION: Side effects of ketoprofen occur mainly from the gastrointestinal tract. KLS has no gastroprotective effect after ethanol-gastric injury and does not protect gastric mucosa from damage produced by binge drinking. Therefore it should not be used after drinking distilled spirits.

Future prospects of ketoprofen in improving the safety of the gastric mucosa.

INTRODUCTION: Ketoprofen (K) was synthesized in 1968. K belongs to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. K is commonly used due to rapid absorption, simple metabolism, high antinociceptive activity and fast blood brain barrier crossing. However, this substance causes various side effects which are the major factors affecting its' popularity. Many researchers have modified this drug to discover an improved and safe NSAID. AIM: The aim of the review was to find in recent publications data bout future prospects of K of improved safety for the gastric mucosa after oral administration. METHOD: Systematic literature review was conducted in March 2021 (2015 onwards). We selected 22 articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline Complete databases. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Many studies aimed at obtaining K with lower ulcerogenic properties. This article describes K with lysine, new K delivery systems, K in form of hydrogels, prodrugs and codrugs of K, K as ATB-352, K with zinc, K encapsulated as proliposomal powders and several substances that reduce the gastric side effects of K described after 2015. CONCLUSION: Our review confirms that modifications of K maintain its' desirable actions and decrease ulcer producing side effect. Some new forms of K were also found to have better activity profile compared to the parent drug.

Subacute poisoning with bifenthrin increases the level of interleukin 1ß in mice kidneys and livers.

BACKGROUND: Bifenthrin is a pyrethroid. Chronic exposure of humans to the pesticide occurs. Reports about immunotoxicity and proinflammatory effect of pyrethroids were published. The aim of the article was to check if subacute poisoning with bifenthrin affects proinflammatory interleukin 1ß and tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα) in kidneys, livers and the function of these organs. METHODS: Thirty two female mice were used. They were divided into 4 groups: controls, mice receiving 1.61 mg/kg bifenthrin for 28 days (group 1), 4.025 mg/kg (2), 8.05 mg/kg (3). On day 29 they were sacrificed, blood, livers and kidneys were obtained. Creatinine concentration and alanine transaminase (ALT) activity were estimated in the blood sera. Interleukin1ß and TNFα concentrations in the organs were measured. RESULT: Mean interleukin 1ß concentration in the livers of controls was 53 pg/ml, in group 1- 54 pg/ml, 2- 59 pg/ml, 3- 99 pg/ml (p < 0.05 vs controls). It was accompanied by significant increase in ALT activity in group 3 vs controls (p < 0.05). In the control kidneys interleukin 1ß was 3.9 pg/ml, group 1-6.8 pg/ml, 2-9.8 pg/ml and 3- 11 pg/ml. Statistically significant difference between group 1, 2 and 3 vs controls was found. There was no significant differences among the groups in TNFα concentrations neither in the livers nor kidneys. CONCLUSION: Subacute poisoning with bifenthrin significantly increases interleukin 1ß concentration in livers and kidneys in a dose-proportionate level. It is accompanied by ALT activity increase. It confirms nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic and pro-inflammatory effect of bifenthrin in non-target organisms.

Effect of Lambdacyhalothrin on Locomotor Activity, Memory, Selected Biochemical Parameters, Tumor Necrosis Factor α, and Interleukin 1ß in a Mouse Model.

BACKGROUND: Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides used for plant protection. They are synthetic analogues of pyrethrins. Lambdacyhalothrin (LCH) is a type II pyrethroid used for wheat, potato, corn farming, and malaria control. There are data that pyrethroids may cause neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and immunotoxicity in non-target organisms. METHODS: The experiment was carried on 32 Albino Swiss mice (16 females and 16 males). The animals were divided into four groups. Controls received canola oil; the rest received LCH orally in oil at a dose of 2 mg/kg bw for 7 days. Memory retention was assessed in a passive avoidance task on day 2 and 7, and spatial memory and motor activity in a Y-maze on day 1 and 7. Blood morphology, biochemical tests, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 1ß were measured. RESULTS: Decreased white blood cell count and red blood cell count, increased creatinine, and increased kidney and liver mass were observed in groups exposed to LCH. In LCH-exposed males' kidneys and livers, interleukin 1ß was significantly elevated, and it was correlated with creatinine concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Subacute poisoning with a low dose of LCH does not significantly affect memory nor locomotor activity but increases proinflammatory interleukin 1ß in male livers and kidneys and reduces white and red blood cell counts.

Hygiene - gold standard not only in prevention of COVID-19 infection.

Barbara Nieradko-Iwanicka was born in Krasnik and is currently associated with the Lublin medical community. She is a specialist in internal medicine and rheumatology and a professor at the Medical University of Lublin working as an assistant professor at the Chair and Department of Hygiene. Her doctoral dissertation was entitled "The effect of the combined action of plant protection products and experimental brain hypoxia on memory processes in mice" and her habilitation thesis concerned "The effect of synthetic pyrethroids administered long-term to mice after transient cerebral ischemia on their behavior, parameters of oxidative stress and the functions of selected internal organs". She is an academic teacher, a supervisor of doctoral and master's theses and a popularizer of science.

The effect of subacute poisoning with fenpropathrin on mice kidney function and the level of interleukin 1ß and tumor necrosis factor α.

Fenpropathrin (FEN) is a pyrethroid insecticide. Mammals can be exposed to these compounds with food and water as non-target organisms. Pyrethroids are classified into two types depending on chemical structure and neurotoxic effects. FEN has features of Type I and Type II pyrethroids. There is data that pyrethroids apart from neurotoxic properties, can be also nephrotoxic and immunotoxic. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of FEN on kidney function and concentration of proinflammatory cytokines: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) in mice kidneys. Sixteen female mice were randomly divided into two groups: I-receiving saline and II-receiving FEN at the dose of 11.9 mg/kg ip for 28 consecutive days. On day 29 blood samples were obtained to measure serum creatinine concentration. The animals were killed, and kidneys were obtained in order to measure TNFα and interleukin IL-1ß in mice kidneys with use of ELISA assay. The concentration of creatinine was (mean ± SD) in controls 0.2 ± 0.0 mg/dl in the group exposed to FEN 0.225 ± 0.046 mg/dl. TNFα concentration in the kidneys of controls was 6.154 ± 1.597 pg/ml and in the group intoxicated with FEN it was 6.318 ± 1.012 pg/ml. IL-1ß concentration in the kidneys of controls was 4.67 ± 1.154 pg/ml while in the group intoxicated with FEN 27.983 ± 26.382 pg/ml (p < 0.05). In conclusion: FEN slightly affects kidney function and increases the concentration of proinflammatory IL-1ß in mice kidneys, which supports the hypothesis about nephrotoxic and immunotoxic effect of this insecticide in non target organisms.

Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: A Review.

Background and objectives: Grain food consumption is a trigger of gluten related disorders: celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) and wheat allergy. They demonstrate with non-specific symptoms: bloating, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea and flatulence. Aim: The aim of the review is to summarize data about pathogenesis, symptoms and criteria of NCGS, which can be helpful for physicians. Materials and Methods: The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched in January 2019 with phrases: 'non-celiac gluten sensitivity', non-celiac gluten sensitivity', non-celiac wheat gluten sensitivity', non-celiac wheat gluten sensitivity', and gluten sensitivity'. More than 1000 results were found. A total of 67 clinical trials published between 1989 and 2019 was scanned. After skimming abstracts, 66 articles were chosen for this review; including 26 clinical trials. Results: In 2015, Salerno Experts' Criteria of NCGS were published. The Salerno first step is assessing the clinical response to gluten free diet (GFD) and second is measuring the effect of reintroducing gluten after a period of treatment with GFD. Several clinical trials were based on the criteria. Conclusions: Symptoms of NCGS are similar to other gluten-related diseases, irritable bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease. With Salerno Experts' Criteria of NCGS, it is possible to diagnose patients properly and give them advice about nutritional treatment.